Anatomy of the EyeAnatomical fundamentals, histology and anomalies of the human eye.
LacunaeHow lacunae are assessed by size, depth, shape, colour, location and the state of their edges, and how their relationship to other organs and to the autonomic nerve wreath shapes an assessment.
Topolabile and Topostabile SignsSigns whose meaning depends on their location in the iris, and signs whose meaning does not, and why the difference matters.
Reflex SignsVascular signs in the iris. Radial vascular signs are phenotypic, and are read as irritation or congestion in the associated organs.
Crypts and DefectsSmall, dark, often black lacunae. When very small and dark they are called defect signs: a loss of integrity of the iris stroma that is genetically determined.
Iris PigmentationTelling the inherited base colour, governed by regulator genes, apart from foreign pigment of pathophysiological origin.
TransversalsAmong the most important focal signs in the iris. How true transversals are read as a tendency toward inflammation, injury, irritation, pain and tissue degeneration.
Relief of the Iris SurfaceThe iris surface is never flat: it is a landscape of elevations and depressions. Reading the relief gives an impression of the body's reserve and self-protective capacity.
The CollaretteThe autonomic nerve wreath, one of the most important landmarks an iridologist reads, and its role as a marker for the gastrointestinal tract and the autonomic nervous system.
Toxic and Dystrophic Changes of the IrisToxic radii, white radii, slagging, the dystrophic rim, the lymphatic rosary and the senile arc, and their proposed link to the five eliminative systems: lungs, bowel, kidneys, skin and lymph.
Heterochromia, Dyschromia and PathochromiaComplete (true and false) and partial (central and sectoral) heterochromia, and how central heterochromia shows as a colour difference between the pupillary and ciliary zones.
Adaptive Rings and ArcsOphthalmology treats contraction rings as simple folds from the eye's neuromotor apparatus. Iridologists consider other factors too, including the person's emotional state.
Axis SignsGroups of lacunae, crypts, radial furrows, pigment and collarette signs that line up in specific locations, and what they add to an assessment.
Conjunctival IndicatorsThe bulbar conjunctiva does not repeat the iris examination: it adds new information. Why and how to include it.